Tóm tắt

Students need to develop thinking skillsin addition to content knowledge. Many thinking skills in engineering and science are pan-domain in nature, such assystem design, algorithmic thinking, creation andrevision of scientific models, problem-posing and so on. Emerging smart learning environments have high potential in developing learners’ thinking skills. While there exist teaching-learning strategies for various thinking skillsas well as learning environments thatpromote the learning of thinking skills, there is a need for a pedagogical framework that helps researchers to design effective smart learning environments targeting thinking skills. This article describes one such framework, called the TELoTS framework, which was developed using a design-based research methodology. The framework is based on theoretical foundations of the nature of thinking skills, learning and transfer ofthinking skills, and design principles for complex learning in technology enhanced learning environments. The frameworkprescribes a set ofactionsto be followed by the designer of a smart learning environment,and offers guidelines on implementingthe actions. The framework was applied to design a smart learning environment to develop thinking skills in engineering system design. Evaluationstudies showed that the smart learning environment designed using the TELoTS framework led to improved student learning of the thinking skill.