Tóm tắt

Rechargeable alkaline Zn–MnO2 (RAM) batteries are a promising candidate for grid-scale energy storage owing rnto their high theoretical energy density rivaling lithium-ion systems (~400 Wh/L), relatively safe aqueous rnelectrolyte, established supply chain, and projected costs below $100/kWh at scale. In practice, however, many rnfundamental chemical and physical processes at both electrodes make it difficult to achieve commercially rncompetitive energy density and cycle life. This review presents a detailed and timely analysis of the constituent rnmaterials, current commercial status, electrode processes, and performance-limiting factors of RAM batteries. We rnalso examine recently reported strategies in RAM and related systems to address these issues through additives rnand modifications to the electrode materials and electrolyte, special ion-selective separators and/or coatings, and rnunconventional cycling protocols. We conclude with a critical summary of these developments and discussion of rnhow future studies should be focused toward the goal of energy-dense, scalable, and cost-effective RAM systems.