Tóm tắt

Fish industries and markets produce large quantities offish scales, skins, shells, and bone wastes post processingrnthat contaminate the environment and cause health risks in humans. In this context, we have developed a novelrnand simple integrated process to valorize theLethrinus lentjanfish scales by fabricate carbon nanodots (CDs) andrnhydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA NPs) simultaneously. Thefish scale treatment was carried out by hydro-thermal method at 280 °C that produced CDs and HA NPs simultaneously. Under hydrothermal treatment, or-ganic and inorganic substances offish scale is transformed to CDs and HA NPs respectively. As TEM imagesrnconfirmed that fish scale derived CDs were spherically shaped and ~3 to 15 nm in size. The CDs exhibitedrnexcitation-dependent emission in photoluminescence. The HA NPs were ~8 to 12 nm in diameter and ~50 torn100 nm in length with rod shape. Also, HA NPs possess spherical shape nanostructures with 15–50 nm inrndiameter. Furthermore, we assessed the cytotoxic behavior of synthesized nanostructures using the MTT assayrnand acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining. These results showed that synthesized CDs and HArnNPs did not cause significant changes in cell viability and morphology, indicating biocompatibility. Additionally,rnthe synthesized CDs and HA NPs were exploited as fluorescent probes for cellular imaging and osteogenic dif-ferentiation of stem cells respectively. Overall, the study results indicate that low-costfish waste was valorizedrnby producing CDs and HA NPs concurrently. The synthesized nanostructures can be applicable for bio-imagingrnand bone tissue engineering applications.